Effect of mutation:
1- DNA alteration by mutation is recognized as disease
2- 2- disease caused by mutation of gene can be transmitted from generation to generation
3- Defect in gene involved in the DNS repair process results in variety of disorder.
-bloom’s syndrome
-xeroderma pigmentosum
4- repair of mutant gene may resultys in the carrier of disease


Gene- gene is the particular segment of the DNA tht contains genetic information inform oof base secquence.

Genome- the total genetic make up an individual is called genome

Genetic code- genetic code is a ditactionary tht give the corresponds between a sequence of nucleotide bases and sequence of amino acid

Functions-
1-Formation and developments of bones and teeth
2-Muscle contraction
3-Nerve impulse transmission
2- Ion transport
3- Membrane integrity and permeanility
4- Blood coagulation
5- Activation of enzyme such as lipase
6- Acts as intracellular messenger’
7- Facilitates release of hormones
8- Maintains cardiac rhythmically

Forms of calcium in blood-
Normal plasma or serum ca level- 9- 11 mg/dl . it exists in three forms
1-Ionized ca ( 5mg/dl)
2- Citrate bound ca ( 1 mg/dl)
3- Protein bound (4 -5 mg/dl)